In view of the problems such as long transport path, chaotic path, and easy collision with obstacles during the transport of large cruise ship cabin modules, an ant colony algorithm with dynamic search model is proposed for the path planning of cruise ship cabin modules, so as to provide the clear and convenient transport path for the transport of cabin modules. The obstacles in the main vertical zone are analyzed, the grid map simulating the actual working conditions is established, and the transport path is sought with the improved ant colony algorithm. The grid map of different locations and the number of ant colonies are dynamically adjusted. The parameters of the ant colony algorithm are sought with the simulated annealing algorithm. The main and branch channels of transport path are determined with the discrete point analysis. The simulation results show that establishing the main and branch channels for the transport of cabin modules with the improved ant colony algorithm can effectively improve the transport efficiency of cabin modules.