Taken the cantilever beam of composite material laminate structure as the research object, the vibration characteristic formulas of cantilever beam of laminate structure are derived, and the low-order natural frequencies of laminated beam are calculated. The vibration characteristics of cantilever beam of composite material laminate structure are studied with two test methods: electrical measurement and optical measurement, and the influence of different test methods, sensor types, measurement point number, and excitation modes, etc., on the test results is analyzed. By combining theory with experiment, a test method for the vibration measurement of cantilever beam of composite material laminate structure is obtained. All the test methods for the vibration measurement of cantilever beam in the electrical measurement method and optical measurement method are compared comprehensively, and the research results show that using the optical fiber laser vibrometer is the best choice. The vertical distance between the optical probe of optical fiber laser vibrometer and the specimen is 0.5 m, the sampling time with the hammer transient excitation mode is 5 s, and the data error of vibration test for cantilever beam measured with the method is minimal.